Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) negatively affects brain structure and function. Meta-analytical data show that relative to age and sex matched non-psychiatric controls, patients with bipolar disorders have double the risk of T2DM. We review the evidence for association between T2DM and adverse clinical and brain imaging changes in bipolar disorders and summarize studies investigating effects of diabetes treatment on psychiatric and brain outcomes.
Advances in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and often severe psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1–4%of the world population. There are three types of BD, including bipolar I disorder (BD-I), bipolar II disorder (BD-II), and cyclothymic disorder. All three types involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. Leer texto completo
